Knowledge Sharing Model Among Academic Staffs in Universities

Knowledge sharing is very important in an organization, one of the effects of these activities is to improve the performance of the organization. In education sector, effective knowledge sharing among academic staff can improve the performance of a college. This research proposed a model for knowledge sharing among academic staff, firstly the factors that influence knowledge sharing consists of individual factors, organizational factors and technological factors and secondly relationship between knowledge sharing and organizational performance.


Introduction
Knowledge sharing within an organization is a very important thing. This issue arises when a person leaves the organization with his/her intellectual property without sharing their knowledge (knowledge walkouts) [1]. This would be very detrimental to the organization. Knowledge sharing occurs at the level of individuals and organizations. For individual employees, knowledge sharing is to talk to their colleagues to help them get things could be done better, faster, or more efficiently. For an organization, knowledge sharing is to capturing, organizing, reusing and transferring experiencebased knowledge within the organization so that knowledge is available that can be used by others in the business [2].
In a knowledge-based organization such as a university or college, knowledge sharing is very important because most of the employees are knowledge workers. In the world of education, effective knowledge sharing will lead scholars to realize and develop their full potential.
Educational institutions play an important role in knowledge creation. Tacit knowledge is created or obtained by the academics, embedded in their minds, is the intellectual capital of the institution [3]. Competitive advantage can be obtained if the knowledge be shared to those who need it so as to obtain benefits.
A number of studies have clearly shown that knowledge sharing is an important process because it allows an organization to improve innovation and organizational performance [4]. Therefore, knowledge sharing is important to the success and the development of an educational institution.

Knowledge
Knowledge is a set of information to the decision-making and actions that lead to the usefulness and purpose [4]. Knowledge is a habit, expertise, skill, knowledge and understanding gained from the experience, training or through a learning process. It can be concluded that knowledge is a collection of information that has been through the experience.
"Knowledge is human understanding of a specialized field of interest that has been acquired through study and experience" [5]. According to them knowledge is a human understanding of something special and important which acquired through learning and experience. Knowledge is not information, and information is not the data.
Knowledge is divided into six types [4]

Knowledge Sharing
Knowledge sharing is a process whereby tacit or explicit knowledge communicated to other individuals. Knowledge sharing is the best approach for managing knowledge and should be adopted by all organizations in all conditions/circumstances [4].
Knowledge sharing is a social culture interaction that involves the exchange of employee knowledge, experience and skills through an entire department or organization [7].
According to [8], the importance of Knowledge Sharing: 1. Knowledge sharing is important in creating new knowledge for competitive advantage. 2. Knowledge sharing is important because of the increased turnover, people do not work at the same job for life anymore. When someone leaves an organization, there are some knowledge from that person that will be gone along with them. Therefore, sharing has the strength to continue knowledge. 3. Many organizations have a problem "we do not know what we know". Skills learned and applied in one part of the organization is not used in other parts. 4. Accelerating change in technology, business and social. For example: 50 percent of what we knew five years ago on this day may be obsolete.

Academic Staff
Academicians, specially lecturers, are teachers and they are the designers of learning experiences, processes, and environment [13]. The academicians are concerned with identifying and then transmitting intellectual content, they more focused on inpiring, motivating, and managing an active learning process by students [14].

Organizational Performance
Knowledge that can be transferred between individuals will not only benefit the organization but also improve the competence of individuals involved in the process [15]. Knowledge sharing is an important factor that affects the development and performance of the organization. Important output of knowledge sharing is the new knowledge and innovations that will improve organizational performance [15]. According to Jone in [15], organizational performance is measured by way of saving time, increasing decision-making, increased customer satisfaction, quality improvement and problem solving, improved organizational learning and increase competitive advantage.

Knowledge Sharing Models
There are several models of knowledge sharing are proposed by several researchers. Research conducted by [3] stated that the sharing of knowledge among the academic staff affected by the following factors: a. Cultural b. Motivation to share knowledge c. Management support d. Trust e. Teamwork spirit f. The degree to which knowledge is considered as a source of power) According to [9], there are six factors that contribute to the sharing of knowledge as illustrated in figure 1,  According to [10], the factors that influence people's decisions to engage in knowledge sharing activities are grouped into three factors as illustrated in figure 2, namely organizational factors, individual factors and technological factors. Knowledge sharing model [10] According to [11], the factors that influence knowledge sharing activities are divided into three factors as illustrated in figure 3: personal factors, organizational factor, and technical factors.

Proposed Model
We proposed a knowledge sharing model for academic staff. The factors that influence knowledge sharing are individual factors, organizational factors, and technological factors.
Based on the figure 6, the factors influencing knowledge sharing can be explain as follows:

Individual Factors
Eight variables were included in the individual factors are: 1. Awarenes The awareness of the importance of knowledge sharing is the attitude that should be owned by every employee, including top management [15]. Objective Self-Awareness (OSA) is defined as state of consciousness in which the individual's attention is focused on him/her. According to Van den Brink in [16], an organization that is at the stage unawareness, not recognizing the contributions of knowledge to their competitors. Argani in [16] stated that awareness at an early stage is crucial for successful knowledge sharing.

Trust
Covey in [16] states that trust is the highest human communication and it is the blood of any organization. Because the trust is closely related to knowledge sharing, therefore, the organization must provide an environment that enables staff to trust each other, work together, so that staff are motivated to share knowledge and engage in discussions. In a geographically dispersed organization, electronic communication plays a major role in connecting the organization. However, without belief, geographic location and distance of the organization will be a psychological limitation to the process (Jones and George in [16]).

Personality
Personality can be categorized into two types: extravert and introvert (Jung in [16]). According to Jung, introvert people have the more problems in interacting with other people compared to the extravert. Many researchers believe that the ability of the staff to share knowledge, to initially depend on their communication skills both oral and written [17].

Motivation
Motivation is crucial when sharing tacit knowledge, it is more difficult than sharing explicit knowledge [18]. To be motivated to share of interest or personal meaning would lead to someone having a more positive attitude towards sharing knowledge [19].

Pleasure of sharing
Pleasure of sharing derived from the concept of altruism. Altruism is defined including the discretionary behaviors that help certain people with tasks or problems within the relevant organization (Organ in [20]. Previous research shows that staff who are intrinsically motivated to contribute their knowledge as they engage in intellectual activities and solving problems that are challenging or fun, and because they enjoy helping others (Wasko and Faraj in [20]). 6. Self efficacy Self efficacy determine the willingness of a person to perform certain activities (Bandura in [21]). The study by [22] argued that individuals environmental contribute to the formulation of satisfaction which leads to the knowledge sharing. Individuals with higher self-efficacy may be more willing to share their knowledge and experience than individuals with low self-efficacy. 7. Willingness to share Willingness implies a positive attitude towards members of a group, readiness to reply colleagues with friendly. Willingness to share related to a passive way to share knowledge. Someone may be willing to contribute to the collective intellectual capital, although they do not have the inner urge to do so [23].

Job satisfaction
Job satisfaction is the overall attitude of the individual work (Hoppock in [24]). Hoppock believe that job satisfaction refers to the subjective response of the employee psychological to work environment. Robbins in [24] argue higher employee satisfaction with their jobs then they will be positive about their own work, and emotional or attitude will produce effects on employee behavior.

Organizational Factors
Eight variables were included in the organizational factors are: 1. Organization policy The policies related to knowledge sharing should be applied first before starting knowledge sharing. This will cause the staff to follow existing policies [4]. 2. Organization structure [24] stated that the traditional organizational structure is usually characterized by a layer and lines of responsibility which are complicated by the details of the procedures for reporting certain information. Currently, most managers that aware of the weaknesses in the structure of the bureaucracy will slows down the process and increase the constraints on the flow of information. In addition, such procedures often spend time with sift through every level of knowledge. Syed and Rowland (2004) argues that knowledge sharing will be successful with the support structure that allows the flow of information between divisions with fewer restrictions.

Organization culture
Organizational culture can be defined as the shared, the underlying assumption that the organizational learning when face the environment and solving problems of external adaptation and internal integration that are taught to new members as the correct way to solve problems (Park et al in [25]).

Management support
Management support is considered as an important influence on organizational knowledge (Cornelly and Kelloway in [20]). Many studies have found that the support of management, it is important to create a climate that supports and provides sufficient resources [20].

Reward system
According to Cabrera and Bonache in [20], organizational rewards indicates the value of organizational forms on employee behavior. Reward can rise from monetary incentives such as salary increases and bonuses to nonmonetary rewards such as promotions and job security. According to [2], some organizations have introcuced reward system to encourage employees to share knowledge.

Leadership
Leadership is a relationship between the leader and his group, the leadership is to regulate and develop the resources in order to achieve the objectives and also about communicating and sharing experiences and knowledge. Burns in [26] make a distinction between transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Transactional leaders motivate followers through the exchange, such as finishing the job in exchange for a reward. Transformational leaders have a great consideration to interact with his followers to create things that relate to the organization as a whole.

Work process
Knowledge sharing among the staff would be more effective if it is incorporated into the work process. According to Anderson in [28], is a difficult thing to capture knowledge because individuals refuse to share knowledge or not competent to pass on their knowledge. Anderson recommends that the best way to make an individual may contribute is to share knowledge as part of the work process. 8. Office layout Office layout or physical environment within an organization is one of the things that are important in enhancing knowledge sharing. [3] stated that the key aspect of the physical environment including building design and separation between buildings; locations; sizes; types of office; types, amount and nature of the meeting room and others. The physical environment can enhance knowledge sharing by providing an opportunity for employees to meet and share ideas [3].

Technological Factors
Three variables were included in the technological factors are: 1. IT application According [27], information technology (IT) is important mediation in knowledge sharing. Application of information technology commonly used to connect employees, interact data and processes that interact to support daily operations, problem solving and decision making within the organization (Whitten et al in [25]).

IT infrastructure
Information technology infrastructure, developed to support the needs of an organization's information systems, also facilitates knowledge management. Information technology infrastructure includes data processing, storage, and communications technologies and systems. It is composed of the entire spectrum of an organization's information systems, including transaction processing systems and management information system that consists of databases and data warehouses, and enterprise resource planning systems [4].

IT use
Technological factors determining the process of knowledge sharing using ICT (information and communication technology) because ICT enables rapid search, access and retrieval of information and can support communication and collaboration among employees in the organization (Huysman and Wulf in [20]). The use of ICT to facilitate the development of new methods and applications (such as groupware, online databases, intranet, virtual communities, etc.) and allow companies to develop social networks that are available to overcome geographic boundaries and obtain an effective collaboration activities (Pan and Leidner in [2]).
According to Zack in [20], the use of ICT provides three different roles in knowledge management activities: 1. Obtain information.
2. Defining, storing, categorizing, indexing, and linking knowledge related to digital items. 3. Locate and identify related content.

Hypotheses
Based on model above, we offer the following hypotheses concerning knowledge sharing among academic staff.

H1
Individual factor has a positive effect to knowledge sharing.

H2
Organizational factor has a positive effect to knowledge sharing.

H3
Technological factors has a positive effect to knowledge sharing. H4 Knowledge sharing has a positive effect to organizational performance.

Conclusion
This paper proposed a model for knowledge sharing among academic staff. The factors that influencing knowledge sharing are an individual, organization, and technology. Effective knowledge sharing among academic staff can improve the performance of the university.
The research will be followed by empirical study to test the hypotheses and validate the model. The continous research will increas the understanding of knowledge sharing in education sector and its impact on university performance.